2022年8月4日； Emily Chia
介绍：
孩子的本性是玩耍。许多关于儿童早期发展的研究得出结论，游戏对儿童的发展很重要。通过游戏，孩子们了解他们的社交和物理环境。了解他们的社会和物理环境可以让孩子有机会掌握新技能，并发展他们的概念和经验
根据游戏是儿童的天性这观点，可以有效地应用游戏方法来促进儿童的全面发展。在以游戏为基础的学前班上学的儿童将受益于在教师指导计划中学习的儿童的两倍。这些孩子更擅长阅读和其他智力技能。研究发现，与接受更直接的学术指导的儿童相比，当学前教育计划促进游戏概念时，儿童会更加地受益并取得更显著的发展。
什么是户外游戏？
户外是较大的团体和年龄较大的孩子混合在一起的地方，但内部情况并非如此。因此，户外游戏也被称为体育活动。游戏可以是高度非结构化的、非正式的，由游戏中的自由运动组成。
户外游戏也是一种自发的游戏，源于孩子天生的好奇心和热情。因此，户外游戏是孩子们动手探索周围世界的最佳场所。
有许多教育家认为，孩子们可以在自然的户外环境中得到有效的教育。孩子们被赋予了通过大自然学习的自由。还鼓励孩子们进行自然漫步、观察和欣赏环境等活动。此外，教师的角色是提供来自大自然的材料，让孩子们用他们所有的感官去探索材料是一个重要的组成部分。
户外活动范围从园艺到爬树、挖掘、木工艺品、水上游戏和创造性游戏，使用所有天然材料来强调照顾自己和他人的重要性。
为什么户外游戏对幼儿很重要？
当孩子们有时间进行户外活动和与大自然互动时，他们会获得很多好处。 Gill (2014) 的一项研究证明，户外游戏绝对有益于儿童的发展、健康和福祉、社交和情感发展以及对环境的态度。
(i) 身体发育
幼儿的身体发育涉及两个重要领域：粗大运动技能和精细操作技能。在整个基础阶段，孩子们以多种方式获得和发展他们的技能。研究表明，当儿童的运动技能在五岁就发育不良时，他们很可能永远不会发展出有效的运动技能。户外游戏似乎是培养这些技能的重要环境。户外游戏不仅是为了好玩，而且是帮助孩子变得身体健康的必要条件。当孩子们玩耍时，他们正在改善反应和运动控制，发展精细操作和粗大运动技能，并增加灵活性和平衡技能。最重要的是，当孩子们参与体育活动时，他们正在锻炼更强壮的肌肉，提高骨密度，改善心肺功能，尤其是预防肥胖、糖尿病和高胆固醇
(ii) 认知和语言发展
儿童的认知发展是一个自我激励的过程。在这个过程中，孩子与刺激互动，通过适应和同化逐渐建立他们的理解。适应是孩子从常规或学习主题中注意到的，而同化则是评估孩子如何解释环境。您可以看到我们的在线学习计划如何帮助孩子适应他们的先前知识。此外，当孩子们在游戏中使用物体来代表其他物体时，他们正在发展抽象思维。孩子们还通过玩耍和与同龄人或成人的互动来学习。
孩子们可以通过户外游戏进行有效的学习，如探索、冒险、平稳和粗大的运动发展，以及吸收广泛的知识基础。例如，当孩子在物体移动、下方、穿过、旁边和附近时，他们可以学习介词和几何概念的含义。
实际上，对于男孩和女孩来说，户外环境对象征性游戏的影响比室内环境更大。符号游戏是儿童认知和社会发展的一个重要特征，因为它有助于儿童了解他们生活的世界。在象征性游戏中，孩子以创造性的方式参与不同的社交场合，例如家庭关系、与人合作、购物等。这有助于采用性别角色、社会化、学习规则、理解不同的文化、克服自我中心主义以及掌握现实世界中早期数学和科学的概念。
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户外游戏还具有促进儿童语言技能的潜力。当孩子们有机会实际展示动作词（例如停止、突袭、跳跃、滑动）或描述性词（例如平滑、缓慢、快速或巨大）时，单词理解就会立即而持久。这些词是在上下文中使用和学习的，而不是仅仅是字母的集合。这也可以促进新兴的识字和对语言的热爱。同样，如果孩子们采用高、低、宽和窄的体型，他们对这些量化概念的理解会比只看到单词和定义的孩子要好得多。
(iii) 社会情绪发展
户外环境也与儿童的社交和情感、健康和幸福感密切相关。当孩子们与他人玩耍时，这让他们有机会将自己的行为与他人进行比较，并考虑到他人可能与自己不同的观点。例如，当孩子们在操场上自由玩耍时，他们通过自发地创造游戏和游戏规则来发展社交技能。这是因为孩子会在幻想游戏中扮演某些角色，例如国王、王后、奴隶等。有了这个，孩子们将不得不互动和讨论，以在确定游戏规则时达成共识。孩子们学会了谈判、妥协、合作，也学会了控制自己，并在社交环境中容忍他们的挫败感，因为如果不遵守发明的“规则”，孩子就无法继续与同龄人成功地玩耍。
户外活动的一些提示&建议：
1. 水上活动
如果天气允许，让您的孩子参加水上活动。一个小的儿童游泳池足以让您的孩子玩耍，甚至软管也可以为您的孩子提供很多玩水的乐趣。
2. 带轮的交通玩具
带轮子的玩具是幼儿最重要的户外游戏。对于新步行者来说，可以借助玩具推车（如洋娃娃推车、杂货车或玩具车推车）来增强力量和信心。成人也可以尝试骑自行车，帮助他们准备骑自行车或训练他们的平衡。
3. 自然漫步
每天进行一次自然漫步对您和您的孩子都有好处。可以在早上、午餐后或晚上进行自然漫步。自然漫步提供了许多可教的机会，例如每天都在变化的环境，以及可以谈论和探索的各种事物。看看当我带她去大自然散步以收集树叶、花朵和树枝等自然元素时，它对我的小宝贝的效果如何。然后，我将与她进行室内会议，进行一些艺术活动（参考提示：3 户外艺术）
3. 户外艺术
艺术通常是一种精细的运动活动，但当你把它带到户外时，它也可能是一种粗大的运动活动。例如，使用画笔让您的孩子在栅栏上涂上一片白纸糊。你也可以用喷瓶水涂漆。
4. 玩沙
为您的孩子打造一个沙盒，让他们在手中锻炼力量，这对于学校任务（例如用剪刀剪和用铅笔写字）很重要。记得提供大量道具，如铲子、自卸车、塑料模具和杯子，让您的孩子在建造沙堡时探索。
5. 园艺
让您的孩子参与园艺工作将提高粗大和精细运动技能以及认知和语言发展。在蹒跚学步的孩子拉杂草、挖泥土、收获蔬菜、耙树叶或浇水对他们来说实际上是户外乐趣。所有这些实际上都让他们忙碌了一整天。
总结
总之，一个管理良好和有组织的户外环境可以为孩子们提供多样化的体验。它可以支持多种形式的游戏和学习，有助于儿童身体、认知、社交和情感发展的许多方面。
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Introduction
Children’s natural instinct is to play. Many studies in early childhood development have concluded that play is important to children’s development. Through play, children learn about their social and physical environments. Knowing their social and physical environments can give children the opportunity to master new skills as well as develop their concepts and experiences.
In keeping with the view that play is a child's natural instinct, it is possible to apply the play approach effectively for the holistic development of children. Children schooling in play based preschools will benefit twice as much as children who are learning in a didactic teacher-directed program. These children are better at reading and other intellectual skills. It was found that children have benefited and have significant developments when preschool programs promote play concepts compared with children who were receiving more direct academic instruction.
What is Outdoor Play?
The outdoors is the place where bigger groups with a mix of older and younger children tend to work together, but this is not so inside. Therefore, outdoor play is also known as Physical Activity.Play can afford to be highly unstructured, and informal consisting of free movement in play.
Outdoor play is also spontaneous play that comes naturally from children's natural curiosity and enthusiasm. Therefore, outdoor play is the best place for children to engage in hands-on exploration of the world around them.
There were many educationists who believed that children can be taught effectively in the natural outdoor environment. Children were given the freedom to learn through nature. Children are also encouraged to have activities such as nature walks, observation, and appreciation of the environment. In addition, the role of teachers which is to provide materials from nature and allow children to use all their senses to explore the materials is an important component.
Outdoor activities range from gardening to tree climbing, digging, wood crafts, water play, and creative play using all the natural materials to emphasize the importance of caring for themselves and others.
Why is Outdoor Play Importance For Young Children?
There are many benefits that children gain when they are given time for outdoor activities and to interact with nature. A study from Gill (2014) proves that outdoor play is definitely beneficial to children in terms of development, health and well-being, social and emotional development as well as attitude towards the environment.
(i) Physical Development
Physical development in young children involves two important areas: gross motor skills and fine manipulative skills. Throughout the Foundation Phase, children acquire and develop their skills in many ways. Research indicates that when children’s motor skills are poorly developed by the age of five years old they will most likely never develop efficient motor skills. Outdoor play appears to be an important environment to foster these skills. Outdoor play is not just for fun but is necessary to help children to become physically fit and healthy. When children are playing, they are refining reflexes and movement control, developing fine and gross motor skills, and increasing flexibility and balancing skills. On top of that, when children are involved in physical activity, they're building stronger muscles and improving bone density, improving heart and lung function, and, all above, preventing obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol.
(ii) Cognitive and Language Development
Children's cognitive development is a self-motivated process. In this process, children interact with stimuli, gradually building their understanding through accommodation and assimilation. Accommodation is what the child notices from routine or from learning themes, while assimilation evaluates how children interpret the environment. You can see how our online learning program can help children to accommodate their prior knowledge. In addition, when children use objects in their play to represent other objects, they are developing abstract thinking. Children also learn through play and interaction with peers or adults.
Children can learn effectively through outdoor play by carrying out basic tasks such as exploring, taking risks, smooth and gross motor development, and the absorption of a broad base of knowledge. For example, children can learn the meaning of prepositions and geometry concepts when they move, below, through, by the side of, and near objects.
Actually, the outdoor environment was more influential on symbolic play than the indoor environment for both boys and girls. Symbolic play is an important feature in the cognitive and social development of children as it helps children understand the world in which they live. In symbolic play, a child is involved with different social situations such as family relationships, working with people, shopping, etc. in a creative way. This contributes to the adoption of gender roles, socialization, learning the rules, understanding the different cultures, overcoming egocentrism as well as mastering the concept of early maths and science in the real world.
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| Language Development |
Outdoor play also has the potential to promote language skills in children. When children are given the opportunity to physically demonstrate action words such as stop, pounce, jump, slide, or descriptive words such as smooth, slow, fast, or enormous, word comprehension becomes immediate and long-lasting. The words are used and learned in context, as opposed to being a mere collection of letters. This also can promote emergent literacy and a love of language. Similarly, if children take on high, low, wide, and narrow body shapes, they will have a much greater understanding of these quantitative concepts, than children who are just presented with the words and definitions.
(iii) Socioemotional Development
The outdoor environment is also significantly related to children’s social and emotional, health and well-being. When children play with others it gives them the opportunity to compare their behaviour with others and take into account others’ viewpoints that may differ from their own. For example, when children play freely at the playground, they develop social skills through the spontaneous creation of games and rules for the games. This is because children will assume certain roles such as kings, queens, slaves, and so on in fantasy play. With this, the children will have to interact and discuss to reach a mutual agreement in determining the rules of the game. Children learn to negotiate, compromise, work together, and also to control themselves, and tolerate their frustrations in a social setting because without abiding by the invented ‘rules’ the child cannot continue to play successfully with their peers.
Tips for Outdoor Play Activities
1. Water Play
If the weather allows, get your toddler to play in water activities. A small child's pool will be more than enough for your toddler to play with or even a hose will provide lots of fun for your toddler to enjoy in water play.
2. Toys with Wheels
3. Nature Walk
A daily nature walk is good for you and your toddler. It is possible to have the nature walk at the morning, after-lunch, or evening routine. Nature walk provides many teachable opportunities such as changes of environment every day and no end to the variety of things to talk about and explore. See how it work out on my little one when I brought her to nature walk to collect natural elements such as leaves, flower, and brances. Then, I will have indoor session with her to do some art activities (refer Tip no:3 Outdoor Art)
3. Outdoor Art
Art is usually a fine motor activity, but when you take it outside it can be a gross motor activity as well. For example, using paintbrushes to let your toddler to paint the fence with a piece of white paper paste on it. You also can have paint with spray bottles of water too.
4. Sand Play
Build your toddler a sandbox that allows to build strength in their hands, which will be important for school tasks like cutting with scissors and writing with a pencil. Remember to provide plenty of props such as shovels, dump trucks, plastic molds, and cups for your toddler to explore on the build of sand castle.
5. Gardening
Involve your little one with the jobs in gardening will enhance gross and fine motor skills as well as cognitive and language development. During toddlers pull weeds, dig in dirt, harvest vegetables, rake leaves, or watering are actually outdoor fun for them. All these are actually keep them busy whole day.
Conclusion
In conclusion, a well-managed and organized outdoor environment can provide a diversity of experiences to children. It can support multiple forms of play and learning that contribute to many aspects of the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development of children.
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